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Unemployment Among Indian Students/Young Educated Population : Category wise
1. By Education Level
Unemployment rates in India tend to increase with higher levels of education, reflecting a mismatch between skills acquired and job opportunities. The PLFS data for July 2023–June 2024 provides the following insights for individuals aged 15 and above:
- Illiterate: Unemployment rate is low at around 1.5%. This group is less likely to include students, as they are typically out of the education system and engaged in informal or low-skill work.
- Primary Education: Approximately 3.2% unemployment rate. This category includes younger individuals who may have dropped out early, some of whom could still be of student age (15-18).
- Secondary Education (Class 10): Around 6.5% unemployment rate. This group includes many students or recent school leavers aged 15-19, who face challenges transitioning to work or higher education.
- Higher Secondary (Class 12): Unemployment rate rises to about 8.0%. This category captures students finishing school and entering the job market or pursuing further studies, often facing delays in employment.
- Graduate (Bachelor’s Degree): Unemployment rate is significantly higher at around 13-15%. This includes college students who have recently graduated and are seeking jobs, a key demographic for “Indian students” in this context.
- Postgraduate and Above: Unemployment rate peaks at 15-18%. This group includes master’s and PhD students or graduates, who often struggle to find roles matching their qualifications.
2. By Age Group (Youth Focus)
Since “students” typically fall within the 15-29 age bracket, the youth unemployment rate is a critical indicator. According to the India Employment Report 2024 (by IHD and ILO) and CMIE data:
- 15-19 Years (School/College Students): Unemployment rate is around 20-25%. This group includes current students seeking part-time work or those who have completed secondary education and are jobless while deciding their next step.
- 20-24 Years (College Students/Recent Graduates): Unemployment rate is approximately 18-22%. This is a key category for Indian students, as it includes those in higher education or recently graduated, facing a competitive job market.
- 25-29 Years (Postgraduates/Early Career): Unemployment rate drops slightly to 10-15%. This group includes former students transitioning into the workforce, though many still struggle with underemployment.
Observation: The 15-24 age group, which aligns closely with the student population, experiences the highest unemployment rates, reflecting limited job opportunities for those in or just out of education.
3. By Gender
Gender disparities are significant among the youth and educated population, including students:
- Male Students/Youth: Unemployment rate is around 12-15% for the 15-29 age group with secondary or higher education. Male students or graduates tend to have slightly better access to job opportunities.
- Female Students/Youth: Unemployment rate is much higher, at 20-25% for the same age and education levels. Female students face additional barriers like societal expectations, safety concerns, and fewer opportunities in certain sectors.
Observation: Female Indian students or recent graduates are disproportionately affected by unemployment compared to their male counterparts.
4. By Region (Urban vs. Rural)
The location of students impacts their employment prospects:
- Urban Areas: Unemployment rate for youth (15-29) with education above secondary level is around 15-18%. Urban students, often in colleges or universities, face higher competition and cost-of-living pressures.
- Rural Areas: Unemployment rate is lower, at 8-10% for the same group. Rural students may have less access to higher education but often engage in informal or agricultural work, reducing reported unemployment.
Observation: Urban Indian students are more likely to be unemployed than rural ones, possibly due to greater education access but fewer matching job opportunities.
5. By State (Select Examples)
Unemployment varies widely across states, affecting students differently based on local economies (PLFS July 2023–June 2024, youth 15-29):
- Kerala: Highest youth unemployment at 29.9%. Students here, despite high education levels, face a saturated job market.
- Haryana: Around 25% youth unemployment. Known for high overall unemployment (37.4% in 2022), it impacts students transitioning to work.
- Rajasthan: Approximately 20% youth unemployment. Students in this state struggle with limited industrial growth.
- Madhya Pradesh: Lowest at 2.6%. Students here benefit from a stronger rural job base.
- Lakshadweep: 12.3% overall, with youth rates higher. Remote areas limit student job prospects.
Observation: Indian students in states like Kerala and Haryana face significantly higher unemployment risks than those in Madhya Pradesh.
Current Estimate (March 2025 Context)
As of March 26, 2025, CMIE reports India’s overall unemployment rate at around 7-8% (based on trends from late 2024). For the youth (15-29), which includes students and recent graduates, the rate is likely closer to 15-18%, with educated youth (graduates/postgraduates) at 13-18%. Assuming 40-50 million youth are in this age group in the labor force (per ILO estimates), approximately 6-9 million could be unemployed, with a significant portion being students or recent graduates.
Conclusion
While exact figures for “Indian students” alone aren’t isolated in current data, the categories above—education level, age, gender, region, and state—provide a detailed picture. Graduates and postgraduates (13-18% unemployment), youth aged 15-24 (18-25%), and females (20-25%) represent the most affected student-related groups. For precise, real-time numbers, further surveys targeting only current students would be needed, but this breakdown aligns with the latest available trends as of March 2025.
The data is drawn from sources like the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) and the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE)